Ovarian Cancer: The Critical Role of Testing

By Dr. Hemant B. Tongaonkar in Nanavati Max Institute of Cancer Care , Institute for Bone, Joint Replacement, Orthopaedics Spine and Sports Medicine , Gynaecological Oncology Program

Jul 01 , 2023 | 3 min read

Ovarian cancer is one of the most challenging cancers to detect early due to its subtle symptoms. Understanding its risk factors, recognizing its warning signs, and knowing the available testing methods can significantly improve outcomes.

Overview: Why Early Detection Matters

Ovarian cancer often goes undiagnosed until its later stages, which makes early detection critical. According to studies, the five-year survival rate is approximately 94% when ovarian cancer is detected at an early stage. This highlights the importance of awareness, regular check-ups, and proactive testing for at-risk individuals.

The Critical Role of Ovarian Cancer Testing

While no perfect screening test exists for ovarian cancer, the following methods are commonly used to detect the disease:

a) Pelvic Examinations

A routine pelvic exam involves the doctor feeling the ovaries and uterus for any irregularities. While this method can detect some cancers, it is not always effective in identifying small tumors.

b) Transvaginal Ultrasounds (TVUS)

TVUS uses sound waves to create images of the ovaries and surrounding tissues. Although it can detect masses or cysts, it cannot determine whether these are cancerous.

c) CA-125 Blood Test

The CA-125 test measures the level of a protein often elevated in women with ovarian cancer. However, high CA-125 levels can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions like endometriosis, making this test a helpful but non-definitive tool.

d) Genetic Testing for Ovarian Cancer

Genetic testing identifies mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that increase the risk of ovarian and breast cancers. Individuals with a family history of these cancers should consider genetic counseling to assess their risks and develop prevention strategies.

The Importance of Regular Check-Ups

Routine health check-ups play a critical role in detecting ovarian cancer early. Women with risk factors should discuss personalized screening options with their doctors. A combination of regular pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasounds, and CA-125 testing may improve early detection rates.

Conclusion

Ovarian cancer is a formidable disease, but awareness and early intervention can significantly improve outcomes. By recognizing its silent symptoms, understanding your risk factors, and consulting your doctor about testing options, you can take control of your health. Stay informed, stay vigilant, and prioritize regular check-ups.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How can ovarian cancer be detected early?

Ovarian cancer can be detected early through a combination of regular pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasounds, and CA-125 blood tests. Genetic testing may also help high-risk individuals identify potential concerns.

2. What are the most common symptoms of ovarian cancer?

The common symptoms include persistent bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, difficulty eating, and frequent urination. If these symptoms persist, consult a doctor immediately.

3. Are CA-125 tests reliable for ovarian cancer detection?

CA-125 tests are helpful but not definitive. Elevated CA-125 levels may indicate ovarian cancer or other non-cancerous conditions like endometriosis. They are often used alongside other tests for better accuracy.

4. How often should I get tested if I have a family history of ovarian cancer?

If you have a family history of ovarian or breast cancer, consult a genetic counselor. You may need more frequent screenings or genetic testing to assess your risk.

5. What are the chances of ovarian cancer being hereditary?

Around 10-15% of ovarian cancers are linked to inherited genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Knowing your family history can help determine your risk and guide preventive measure

6. What causes ovarian cancer?

Ovarian cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the ovaries grow and multiply uncontrollably. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2, family history, and hormonal imbalances are significant factors.

7. What are the main treatments for ovarian cancer?

The primary treatments for ovarian cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. Treatment plans are tailored based on the cancer stage and the patient’s overall health.