Osteoporosis: Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention & Risk Factors

Osteoporosis is a silent disease that gradually weakens bones, making them brittle and prone to fractures, often without any noticeable symptoms. This condition predominantly affects older adults, especially women, and commonly targets the bones in the spine, hip, and wrist. It’s essential to understand osteoporosis as a preventable and manageable condition, which begins with recognizing its risk factors.

Osteoporosis Symptoms

Osteoporosis doesn’t typically present symptoms in its early stages, which is why it’s often called a “silent disease.” However, as bones become more fragile, the following signs may appear:

• Back pain caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra
• Loss of height over time
• Stooped posture or noticeable curvature of the spine
• Bone fractures that occur easily, even from minor falls or stresses

When to See a Doctor

If you are over 50, have a family history of osteoporosis, or have experienced a fracture after a mild fall or accident, it’s advisable to talk to your osteporosis doctor. Women experiencing early menopause or individuals who have been on long-term corticosteroid therapy should also consider a consultation for osteoporosis screening.

Osteoporosis Causes

Osteoporosis occurs due to an imbalance in the process of bone remodeling—when the body loses old bone faster than it creates new bone. Key factors contributing to osteoporosis include:

• Age: Bone loss accelerates as you age, especially after 30.
• Gender: Women are more susceptible, particularly after menopause.
• Hormonal changes: Lower levels of estrogen in women or testosterone in men can accelerate bone loss.
• Genetics: Family history plays a significant role, especially if a parent has experienced a hip fracture.

Osteoporosis Diagnosis and Tests

The primary diagnostic test for osteoporosis is a bone density test or DEXA scan, which measures bone mineral density. This non-invasive X-ray test can determine your bone strength and identify early signs of osteoporosis, helping to prevent future fractures. Regular screening is often recommended for individuals over 65 or those at higher risk.

Osteoporosis Management and Treatment

Osteoporosis treatment focuses on slowing bone loss and strengthening bones to prevent fractures. Key treatment options include:

• Exercise: Weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises can improve bone density and help prevent falls.
• Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: Calcium and vitamin D are essential for bone health. Supplements may be prescribed if dietary intake is insufficient.
• Medications: Bisphosphonates, hormone therapies, and other medications are available to slow bone loss or stimulate bone growth in severe cases.
• Lifestyle Modifications: Reducing alcohol intake, quitting smoking, and maintaining a healthy diet can help slow bone loss.

Osteporosis Risk Factors

There are several risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing osteoporosis. These can be categorized into unchangeable and modifiable factors:

Unchangeable Factors

• Age: The risk increases with age.
• Gender: Women are more likely to develop osteoporosis.
• Family History: A history of osteoporosis or fractures in immediate family members raises your risk.
• Body Frame Size: People with smaller frames have less bone mass.

Modifiable Factors

• Diet: A lack of calcium and vitamin D can weaken bones.
• Sedentary Lifestyle: Inactivity or prolonged sitting can contribute to bone loss.
• Excessive Alcohol: Regularly consuming more than two drinks per day can weaken bones.
• Smoking: Smoking contributes to bone fragility and bone loss.

Ostoporosis Complications

Osteoporosis can lead to serious complications, most notably fractures in the hip, spine, or wrist. Hip fractures are particularly concerning, as they often require surgery and may result in long-term disability. Spinal fractures can occur without a fall and may lead to chronic back pain, loss of height, and a hunched posture.

Osteporosis Prevention

Taking steps to maintain healthy bones throughout your life is crucial in preventing osteoporosis. Here’s how you can keep your bones strong:

• Consume adequate calcium and vitamin D through diet or supplements.
• Exercise regularly with a focus on weight-bearing and balance exercises, such as walking or strength training.
• Limit alcohol to two drinks or fewer per day.
• Quit smoking or avoid it altogether to preserve bone health.
• Ensure a balanced diet rich in nutrients to support overall bone health.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Can Osteoporosis Be Cured?

No, osteoporosis can’t be completely cured, but it can be managed and treated to prevent further bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures.

2. Who is Most at Risk for Osteoporosis?

Women over 50, people with a family history of osteoporosis, and individuals who are underweight or have low bone mass are at the highest risk.

3. What Foods are Beneficial for Bone Health?

Foods rich in calcium (like dairy products and leafy greens) and vitamin D (like fish and fortified cereals) are beneficial for maintaining bone density.

4. How Often Should I Have a Bone Density Test?

Your Orthopaedic doctor may recommend a bone density test every 1–2 years if you are at higher risk, such as those over 65 or postmenopausal women.

Reviewed By 

Dr. Sunil Shahane (Head & Sr Consultant - Orthopaedics) 

Dr. Sunil Shahane is the Head and Senior Consultant, Institute for Bone, Joint Replacement, Orthopaedics Spine and Sports Medicine. He has an experience of over 34 years and has done a Fellowship in Arthritis and Joint Reconstruction surgery with Dr. C. S. Ranawat at Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, USA.