Ovarian Cancer Uncovered: Signs, Symptoms, and Early Detection

Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious types of cancer that affects women. Known for being a “silent killer,” its symptoms often don’t appear until the cancer has progressed to later stages. However, understanding the early signs and seeking timely medical attention can make a significant difference in the outcome of the disease.

At Nanavati Max Hospital, we believe that early detection is crucial. In this article, we’ll guide you through the common symptoms of ovarian cancer, its causes, and why it’s important to seek medical help as soon as you notice any unusual changes.

What is Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries — the reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. While ovarian cancer is less common than other types of cancer, it can be aggressive, especially if not detected early.

Types of Ovarian Cancer

There are three main types of ovarian cancer:

• Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: The most common type, affecting the outer layer of the ovary.
• Germ Cell Tumors: Rare tumors that develop from cells that produce eggs.
• Stromal Cell Tumors: Cancer that originates from the cells supporting the ovary’s structure.

Early Signs and Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer often doesn’t show clear symptoms until it reaches advanced stages. However, some women may experience early warning signs that should not be ignored. These include:

• Bloating or Abdominal Swelling: One of the most common and noticeable signs of ovarian cancer is persistent bloating. If you feel unusually full, experience discomfort, or notice abdominal distension, it’s important to seek medical advice.
• Pelvic or Abdominal Pain: Frequent or unexplained pelvic pain, abdominal pain, or cramping is another key symptom of ovarian cancer. This pain might feel like a pressure or dull ache that doesn’t go away.
• Changes in Urination or Bowel Habits: Feeling the need to urinate urgently or frequently can be a sign of ovarian cancer. Similarly, changes in bowel movements, such as constipation or diarrhea, may occur.
• Feeling Full Quickly (Early Satiety): Many women with ovarian cancer report feeling full after eating only small amounts of food, or they may have a reduced appetite. This feeling of fullness often happens because the growing tumor puts pressure on the stomach and intestines.
• Fatigue and Unexplained Weight Loss: Persistent fatigue, even after adequate rest, and unexplained weight loss can signal that something is wrong. Cancer-related fatigue is often more severe than regular tiredness.
• Unexplained Back Pain: While back pain is common, persistent or unexplained pain that doesn’t improve with rest or treatment could be a sign of ovarian cancer.
• Menstrual Changes or Irregular Bleeding: Women who experience abnormal menstrual cycles, such as bleeding between periods, or changes in the heaviness of their periods, should consult a healthcare provider, especially if these changes are sudden or unexpected.

Other Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer often remains unnoticed until it progresses to advanced stages. Understanding the signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer can play a crucial role in its early detection and treatment. The following are other indicators of ovarian cancer:

• Irregular Menstrual Cycle: Unpredictable menstrual periods or sudden alterations in your cycle's regularity might be an early warning sign of ovarian cancer. If you notice substantial changes in your menstrual cycle, it is advisable to consult your family doctor.
• Back Pain: Persistent or severe back pain that cannot be attributed to other causes such as muscle strains or spinal conditions, especially when accompanied by other symptoms on this list, may indicate ovarian cancer.
• Indigestion: Recurring indigestion symptoms like heartburn, nausea, bloating and constipation could also be linked to ovarian cancer. Remember, these symptoms are common to many conditions; however, if they persist over time, it’s important to get checked out.
• Weight Loss: Rapid or unexplained weight loss is another symptom that should not be ignored. While weight fluctuations are normal, sudden weight loss accompanied by other mentioned symptoms calls for immediate medical attention.
• Dermatomyositis: This is a rare inflammatory disease which causes skin rashes and muscle weakness. If you observe rashes on your skin coupled with muscle discomfort without known causes, it's important to consult your doctor.
• Fatigue: Constant tiredness that isn't revitalised by rest could potentially point towards ovarian cancer. Fatigue becomes alarming when it persists over time and interferes with daily activities.
• Pain During Sex: Experiencing discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse can also be an early warning sign of ovarian cancer.
• Acid Reflux: This symptom involves the regurgitation of acid from the stomach into the oesophagus. It's commonly known as heartburn and can be a symptom of many different conditions, including ovarian cancer if it persists.

Severe Symptoms of of Ovarian Cancer

In their early stages, ovarian cancer symptoms may include bloating, pelvic or abdominal discomfort, frequent urination and feelings of fullness after eating a small meal. These signs are often vague and can be attributed to less serious conditions like indigestion or a urinary tract infection.

However, as the disease progresses, these symptoms may escalate and additional severe symptoms may become evident:

• Pleural Effusion: This refers to an abnormal accumulation of fluid around the lungs. It can lead to difficulty in breathing and persistent coughing.
• Ascites: This is the build-up of fluid in the abdomen leading to increased abdominal girth and discomfort.
• Bowel Obstruction: This is caused when the tumour interferes with the normal function of the intestine leading to symptoms like severe constipation, bloating, vomiting or weight loss.

It's important to remember that the presence of these symptoms doesn't necessarily mean you have ovarian cancer. Many other health conditions can cause similar symptoms. That being said, if you are experiencing any of these signs persistently over time and they do not improve with standard treatments like diet change or over-the-counter medication, it's important to discuss them with your doctor.

When Should You See a Doctor?

If you notice any of the symptoms listed above and they last for more than a few weeks, or if they progressively worsen, it’s essential to seek medical attention. Early intervention can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment.

• Seek immediate medical care if you experience severe abdominal pain or bloating.
• Consult a doctor if any of the symptoms become frequent, bothersome, or don’t go away.
• It’s particularly important for women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer to monitor symptoms carefully.

Causes and Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer

While the exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, several factors can increase a woman’s risk:

• Age: The risk increases with age, particularly after the age of 50.
• Genetic Mutations: Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly raise the risk of ovarian cancer.
• Family History: Women with a family history of ovarian, breast, or colon cancer may be at higher risk.
• Reproductive History: Women who have not had children or experienced infertility may have a higher risk of ovarian cancer.
• Hormonal Factors: Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after menopause may increase risk.
• Obesity and Endometriosis: These conditions are associated with a higher risk of ovarian cancer.

Importance of Early Detection and Screening

Ovarian cancer can be challenging to detect early, but there are screening tests that can help. Transvaginal ultrasound and blood tests that measure CA-125 levels are commonly used, especially for women at high risk. However, these tests are not always conclusive and may need to be followed up with additional diagnostic tests.

Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider, especially if you have risk factors for ovarian cancer, are crucial for early detection. Early diagnosis improves treatment options and outcomes significantly.

Despite these challenges, focusing on early detection can make all the difference:

• Regular screening can identify anomalies before they become advanced cancer.
• It can increase the scope of treatment options.
• Reduces the probability of invasive treatment options.
• Improves survival rates.

Prevention and Lifestyle Tips

Although there is no guaranteed way to prevent ovarian cancer, certain lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk:

• Maintain a healthy weight and engage in regular physical activity.
• Consider discussing the use of birth control pills with your healthcare provider, as they have been shown to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
• For women with a strong family history, genetic counseling and testing for BRCA mutations may be beneficial.

Conclusion

Recognizing the symptoms of ovarian cancer early can make a life-saving difference. If you notice any of the signs mentioned above or are concerned about your risk, Nanavati Max Hospital is here to help. Our expert team provides comprehensive diagnostic services, personalized treatment plans, and support throughout your journey.

Contact us today to schedule a consultation with our specialists and take the first step toward better health.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the different types of ovarian cancer?

The three sub-types of ovarian cancer are Epithelial tumors (the most common), Germ cell tumors, and Stromal tumors, each originating from different cells within the ovary.

2. What are the risk factors for developing ovarian cancer?

Risk factors to develop ovarian cancer include age (especially postmenopausal), obesity, reproductive history, family history of ovarian or breast cancer, and certain genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2).

3. Are there any preventive measures to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer?

Women with a family history of ovarian cancer should maintain a healthy weight, exercise regularly, maintain a balanced diet, avoiding tobacco use, and consider genetic counseling.

4. What are the stages of ovarian cancer?

Ovarian cancer progresses through four stages: Stage I (cancer confined to the ovaries), Stage II (cancer spread to the pelvis), Stage III (cancer spread within the abdomen), and Stage IV (cancer spread beyond the abdomen).

5. Are there any lifestyle changes that can help lower the risk of ovarian cancer?

Yes, maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical activity, avoiding tobacco, and managing body weight as per your Body Mass Index can help lower the risk.

6. What are the common treatment options for ovarian cancer?

Common treatment options for ovarian cancer include surgery to remove the malignant mass, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.

7. How does age affect the risk of ovarian cancer?

The risk increases with age, especially after menopause.

8. How long does ovarian cancer treatment usually last?

Treatment duration varies based on the type and stage of the cancer, along with individual patient response. It typically ranges from several months to a year or more.

9. Is exercise recommended for patients with ovarian cancer?

Yes, moderate exercise can be beneficial for overall health and recovery, but it should be discussed with the oncologist.

10. Can ovarian cancer affect fertility or pregnancy?

Not all patients of ovarian cancer are affected by loss of reproductive capabilities. Oncologists may suggest fertility and organ preserving surgeries, if possible, to offer you a chance of conceiving in the future.

11. Can ovarian cancer be detected in routine exams?

Routine pelvic exams do not typically detect ovarian cancer early. However, doctors may use imaging tests or blood tests (like CA-125) for women at high risk.

12. What are the survival rates for ovarian cancer?

The survival rate for ovarian cancer depends on the stage at diagnosis. The earlier the cancer is found, the higher the chances of successful treatment.