Uterine Cancer Symptoms, Early Signs, and Diagnosis Methods

By Dr. Hemant B. Tongaonkar in Nanavati Max Institute of Cancer Care

Jul 12 , 2024 | 3 min read

Overview

Uterine cancer, predominantly endometrial cancer, is a growing health concern among women globally, including in India. It occurs when cells in the uterus grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. The two primary types of uterine cancer are endometrial cancer, which originates in the lining of the uterus, and uterine sarcoma, a rarer form that starts in the uterine muscles or other tissues.

Uterine Cancer Symptoms

Uterine cancer, particularly endometrial cancer, presents through a variety of symptoms. Recognizing these symptoms early can lead to timely diagnosis and effective treatment. Below is a detailed overview of common early symptoms and less common symptoms of uterine cancer.

Common Early Symptoms of Uterine Cancer

Detecting uterine cancer early significantly improves treatment outcomes. Here are some early signs to watch for:

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding:
- Occurs between periods or after menopause.
- Spotting or heavier-than-normal menstrual flow.
- Post-coital bleeding.
Pelvic Pain or Discomfort:
- A feeling of pressure or heaviness in the pelvic area.
- Persistent pain unrelated to the menstrual cycle.
Changes in Menstrual Patterns:
- Prolonged or heavier periods.
- Unpredictable menstrual cycles or spotting.
Postmenopausal Discharge:
- Thin, white, or watery discharge.
- Discharge with an unpleasant odor or associated pain.
Pain During Intercourse:
- Discomfort due to structural or tissue changes in the uterus.

Rare or Less Common Symptoms of Uterine Cancer

While abnormal bleeding and pain are the most recognized signs, some less common symptoms may also indicate uterine cancer:

Nausea or Vomiting:
Hormonal changes or tumor growth affecting the digestive system can trigger these symptoms.
Unexplained Weight Loss:
Significant weight loss without dietary or lifestyle changes may indicate advanced cancer.
Change in Bowel Habits:
Persistent constipation, diarrhea, or other bowel irregularities could result from the tumor pressing against the intestines.
Chronic Fatigue:
Cancer-related fatigue, often due to metabolic changes or treatment effects, can lead to prolonged exhaustion.
Lower Abdominal Pain:
Severe or persistent pain in the abdomen or pelvis might indicate tumor growth or tissue impact.

Diagnostic Tests for Uterine Cancer

Early diagnosis of uterine cancer can make a significant difference. Medical professionals use a combination of these methods to confirm the condition:

Physical Examination:
- Includes a pelvic exam to detect abnormalities in the uterus.
Ultrasound:
- Abdominal Ultrasound: Provides an external view of the uterus.
- Transvaginal Ultrasound: Offers clearer images by inserting a probe into the vagina.
Endometrial Biopsy:
- A sample of the uterine lining is taken for testing abnormal cell growth.
Hysteroscopy:
- A small, lighted tube is inserted into the uterus for visual inspection.
Dilation and Curettage (D&C):
- Tissue is scraped from the uterus for analysis.
Blood Tests:
- CA-125 assay checks for elevated protein levels linked to cancer.
Imaging Tests:
- CT Scans and MRI Scans: Provide detailed images of the uterus and surrounding tissues to assess cancer spread.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What Causes Uterine Cancer?

Uterine cancer typically arises due to abnormal cell growth. Hormonal imbalance, obesity, and genetic mutations increase the risk.

2. What are The Risk Factors for Uterine Cancer?

Risk factors include age (50+), obesity, diabetes, prolonged hormone therapy, and a family history of uterine or colon cancer.

3. What are The Treatment Options?

Uterine Cancer Treatments include surgery (hysterectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy.

4. Can Uterine Cancer Be Prevented?

Maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, and a balanced diet can reduce risk. Discuss hormone therapy options with your Oncologist.

5. When Should Screening Begin?

Screening is generally recommended for women post-menopause or from age 35-40 for those with a family history of uterine cancer.

6. What are The Different Types of Uterine Cancer?

Two primary types are endometrial cancer (most common, starts in the inner lining of the uterus) and uterine sarcoma (rare, begins in muscles or other tissues).

7. What are The Stages of Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer is classified into four stages – I (localised within ovaries), II (spread beyond ovaries), III (spread into abdominal cavity) and IV (metastasised to distant organs).

8. Are There Any Lifestyle Changes That Can Help Prevent Uterine Cancer?

Maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise and balanced diet can reduce risks. Hormone therapy should be discussed with one's doctor.

9. Are There Any Alternative Treatments for Uterine Cancer?

Alternative therapies such as acupuncture or yoga may help manage symptoms, although they aren’t proven to cure uterine cancer.

10. Can Uterine Cancer Affect Fertility?

Yes, as treatment often involves removal of the uterus, it can directly impact fertility. However, fertility sparing options may be possible in early stages.