Types of Vulvar Cancer: A Layman's Guide

Overview

Vulvar cancer, as the name suggests, is a type of cancer that occurs in the vulva, an external part of the female genitaliThis condition can affect any part of the vulva, including the labia majora or minora, clitoris, vaginal opening or urethral openings. There are various types of vulvar cancer, such as Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma and AdenocarcinomThe most common among these is squamous cell carcinoma which originates in the skin cells lining the vulva.

In India, compared to other forms of cancer affecting women like breast or cervical cancers, vulvar cancer may not be as common. However, its incidence cannot be overlooked. Certain risk factors associated with vulvar cancer include being over the age of 50, having a history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection or genital warts and experiencing chronic inflammatory conditions of the vulva.

Though vulvar cancer may seem to be a daunting diagnosis, it is important to remember that timely detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes. Early signs may include itching that doesn’t go away, changes in the colour or skin thickness around your vulva or any visible lumps or sores. These symptoms should not be ignored and consultation with a cancer doctor must be sought at the earliest.

Early detection of vulvar cancer can greatly enhance the effectiveness of treatment and survival outcomes. Regular check-ups with your doctor, understanding your body and noticing any changes are key preventative measures. It's important to remember that as daunting as a cancer diagnosis might be, you are not alone in this journey. The first step towards healing is understanding the condition; now you are one step closer. Stay informed, stay healthy!

Types of Vulvar Cancer

Understanding the various types of vulvar cancer is crucial in early detection, effective management and treatment. Let's explore the three primary types: 

Here are the Types of Vulvar Cancer:

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Melanoma
• Adenocarcinoma

Here, we discuss the types of vulvar cancer.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma 

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of vulvar cancer. It originates from the squamous cells that make up the outer layer of the skin on the vulva.

Symptoms of SCC often include itching around the vulva, persistent pain and sometimes skin changes such as colour or thickness. Causes can vary - while exact causes remain unknown, risk factors include age (it's more common in women over 50), having a weak immune system or being infected with certain strains of HPV.

A diagnosis typically involves a physical examination followed by a biopsy where a small sample of tissue is taken for analysis. Other diagnostic methods might include an imaging test or a closer examination of the vagina and cervix with a colposcope.

Once a complete diagnosis is ready, treatment options can be considered. Treatment for SCC depends on the stage of cancer and may involve surgery to remove cancerous tissue and possibly nearby lymph nodes. Radiotherapy or chemotherapy might be recommended if cancer has spread beyond the vulva or comes back after treatment.

Melanoma

Melanoma is a less common but aggressive type of vulvar cancer that originates from pigment-producing cells in the skin.

It can present symptoms such as changes in existing moles on your vulva or development of new pigmented areas. The causes are not well known but exposure to UV radiation and having many moles could increase the risk of developing Melanoma.

Melanoma requires aggressive treatment due to its nature to quickly spread within the body. Treatment mainly involves surgery to remove melanoma and some normal tissue surrounding it. For advanced stages, doctors might recommend immunotherapy drugs or targeted therapy drugs that work to stop the growth of melanoma cells.

Adenocarcinoma

Lastly, Adenocarcinoma, a rare type of vulvar cancer, begins in the glandular cells in the lining of the vulv

Symptoms can be similar to other types, including itching, pain or changes in skin colour or thickness. Diagnosing Adenocarcinoma often involves physical examination, biopsy and possibly imaging tests.

The treatment for Adenocarcinoma often includes surgery to remove the tumour along with some surrounding healthy tissue. Depending on how much cancer has spread, additional treatments might include radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

Read more about - Most Common Cancer In Women & Its Symptoms

Vulvar Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention

Understanding the risk factors for vulvar cancer is the first step towards achieving an early diagnosis, which can significantly improve one's prognosis. Let's delve into these risk factors and how certain lifestyle changes can mitigate them.

The precise cause of vulvar cancer is not entirely known, but there are several key risk factors to be aware of:

• Age: This type of cancer is more common in women over the age of 50.
• HPV Infection: This sexually transmitted infection is a significant risk factor.
• Smoking: Tobacco use increases the probability of developing various types of cancers, including vulvar cancer.
• Weak Immune System: Having a weak immune system or conditions such as HIV/AIDS are potential risk factors.
• Skin Conditions: Skin conditions affecting the vulva, such as Lichen Sclerosus or Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN), should warrant a visit to the doctor as they are potential risk factors inducing the risk of vulvar cancer.

The good news is that many aspects leading to this disease are preventable. Here are some steps individuals can take to lower their chances:

• HPV Vaccine: Research suggests that the vaccine, especially when administered to younger women before they become sexually active, can significantly reduce the risk.
• Regular Screening: Early detection through routine Pap smears and HPV tests can catch any abnormalities promptly.
• Quitting Smoking: The lesser contact with tobacco, the better it is for overall health.
• Safe Sexual Practices: Using protection during intercourse can help prevent HPV, thereby reducing one's risk.

Coping and Support

Navigating the stormy seas of vulvar cancer isn't merely a physical journey; it involves dealing with emotional and psychological challenges as well.

When facing this type of cancer, you may experience feelings of fear, anxiety, sadness or even anger. These are normal reactions and are an integral part of coming to terms with your diagnosis. The uncertainty that accompanies any type of cancer, including vulvar cancer, can feel overwhelming. This is why emotional and psychological support is paramount at every stage - from diagnosis to treatment for vulvar cancer.

Emotional support can come from various sources. Your close family and friends can provide a comforting shoulder to lean on, while support networks offer a community of individuals who understand exactly what you're going through. This could include online communities, local support groups or patient advocacy organisations.

In addition to these sources of support, professional counselling can be incredibly beneficial. Counsellors can help you navigate your feelings and teach coping strategies that can assist in easing the burden of anxiety and stress related to your condition.

However, remember that it's okay not to have all the answers right away. It's normal to need time to absorb the news and decide on your next steps. When ready, talk about your feelings with loved ones and consider seeking professional guidance.

Furthermore, coping strategies should not be overlooked. The following methods may be helpful:

• Regularly practising mindfulness exercises like meditation or yoga.
• Engaging in hobbies or activities that you enjoy.
• Maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise routine.
• Prioritising rest and quality sleep.
• Staying informed about your condition – including the different types of vulvar cancer and potential treatments – but avoid inundating yourself with excessive information.

Most importantly, don't hesitate to seek professional help if you find it difficult to cope with your emotions or if they interfere with your daily life. A mental health professional can equip you with tools and techniques that can make the journey easier.

Conclusion

As we conclude this journey into understanding vulvar cancer, let's reflect on the key points discussed. We explored the various types of vulvar cancer and emphasised how early detection can significantly improve outcomes.

The role of awareness in combating this disease cannot be overstated. The more informed we are about such health issues, the better equipped we become to identify early warning signs and seek timely medical intervention. Remember, knowledge is power and sharing it multiplies its impact.

Help others understand the importance of acknowledging any unusual symptoms and visiting their doctor at the earliest for a check-up.

In case you have more questions or require medical assistance, Max Healthcare is here to help you every step of the way. Don't hesitate in reaching out to us; after all, your health is our priority.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are The Common Symptoms of Vulvar Cancer?

The symptoms of vulvar cancer often differ for each individual. Some people might even not experience any symptoms in the early stages. However, some common signs include itching or burning sensation in the vulvar region, thickening or colour change of the skin, pain during intercourse, bleeding or discharge not related to menstruation and a lump or ulcer on the vulva that persists for more than a month. It's crucial to remember that these symptoms could also be related to other conditions and not necessarily indicate cancer.

2. How is Vulvar Cancer Diagnosed?

The first step towards diagnosing vulvar cancer involves a detailed physical examination by your doctor, who will also ask about your medical history. If something unusual is found, you may be referred to a gynaecologist for further evaluation. Diagnosis usually includes procedures like a biopsy, where a small piece of tissue is removed for lab analysis, or imaging tests like CT scans and MRI to check for any spread of cancer.

3. What are The Available Treatment Options?

Treatment options for vulvar cancer depend on factors such as the stage of the cancer and your overall health condition. Commonly used treatments include surgery to remove the tumour and surrounding tissue, radiation therapy that uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells and chemotherapy using drugs to destroy cancer cells.

4. How Common is Vulvar Cancer, and Who is at Risk?

Though not as prevalent as breast or prostate cancer, vulvar cancer still affects many women globally every year. Women over 50 are at higher risk, though it can occur at any age. Having HPV infection increases the risk significantly.

5.What Support is Available for Individuals Diagnosed With Vulvar cancer?

Being diagnosed with any form of cancer can be overwhelming; however, various forms of support are available. This ranges from medical and emotional support provided by your healthcare team to financial aid and patient support groups where you can connect with others going through similar experiences.